React Router allows pre-render data spoofing on React-Router framework mode

Summary

After some research, it turns out that it's possible to modify pre-rendered data by adding a header to the request. This allows to completely spoof its contents and modify all the values ​​of the data object passed to the HTML. Latest versions are impacted.

Details

The vulnerable header is X-React-Router-Prerender-Data, a specific JSON object must be passed to it in order for the spoofing to be successful as we will see shortly. Here is the vulnerable code :

<img width="776" alt="Capture d’écran 2025-04-07 à 05 36 58" src="https://github.com/user-attachments/assets/c95b0b33-15ce-4d30-9f5e-b10525dd6ab4" />

To use the header, React-router must be used in Framework mode, and for the attack to be possible the target page must use a loader.

Steps to reproduce

Versions used for our PoC:

• "@react-router/node": "^7.5.0",
• "@react-router/serve": "^7.5.0",
• "react": "^19.0.0"
• "react-dom": "^19.0.0"
• "react-router": "^7.5.0"

1. Install React-Router with its default configuration in Framework mode (https://reactrouter.com/start/framework/installation)
2. Add a simple page using a loader (example: routes/ssr)
3. Access your page (which uses the loader) by suffixing it with .data. In our case the page is called /ssr:

image

We access it by adding the suffix .data and retrieve the data object, needed for the header:

image

4. Send your request by adding the X-React-Router-Prerender-Data header with the previously retrieved object as its value. You can change any value of your data object (do not touch the other values, the latter being necessary for the object to be processed correctly and not throw an error):

Capture d’écran 2025-04-07 à 05 56 10

As you can see, all values ​​have been changed/overwritten by the values ​​provided via the header.

Impact

The impact is significant, if a cache system is in place, it is possible to poison a response in which all of the data transmitted via a loader would be altered by an attacker allowing him to take control of the content of the page and modify it as he wishes via a cache-poisoning attack. This can lead to several types of attacks including potential stored XSS depending on the context in which the data is injected and/or how the data is used on the client-side.

Credits

• Rachid Allam (zhero;)
• Yasser Allam (inzo_)